Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) or transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a minimally invasive procedure whereby a new valve is inserted without removing the old, diseased valve to treat severe aortic valve disease called aortic stenosis (AS). The procedure was initially developed for very high-risk patients who could not withstand major surgery, but in recent years has been extended to treat other suitable lower-risk patients as well. Bioprosthetic aortic valves made from pig or cow heart tissue used in TAVR Fluoroscopic X-ray image of bioprosthetic aortic valve impla…

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